SELECT id, 
       IF(type = 'P', amount, amount  -1) as amount
FROM report
Additionally, you could handle when the condition is null. In the case of a null amount:
SELECT id, 
       IF(type = 'P', IFNULL(amount,0), IFNULL(amount,0)  -1) as amount
FROM report
The part 
IFNULL(amount,0) means when amount is not null return amount else return 0.